Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) represents one of the most lethal cancers in the world. Although high rate of complete response (CR: 30-70%) can be achieved in ESCC patients treated with definitive radiochemotherapy (dCRT), 40%-60% of patients have locoregional persistent disease, and 30%-40% of patients develop distant metastases. Recent studies correlated the presence of cancer stem cells (CSC) and tumor cells having epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype with poor outcomes in ESCC patients. However, the molecular mechanism responsible of poor treatment outcome is not well understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel class of gene expression regulators and their altered expression pattern is involved in oncogenesis, tumor progression and treatment resistance in various cancer types. Altered expression of miRNAs was correlated with clinical outcome in ESCC; however little is known about their role in determining treatment resistance.